Virtuous Machines: Towards Artificial General Science

TL;DR

This paper presents an AI system capable of autonomously conducting scientific research, from hypothesis generation to manuscript writing, demonstrating potential to accelerate discovery across disciplines.

Contribution

The paper introduces a domain-agnostic, agentic AI scientist that independently performs complex scientific workflows, including designing studies, collecting data, and producing manuscripts.

Findings

AI scientist autonomously designed and executed psychological studies.

System developed analysis pipelines through extensive coding sessions.

Produced complete manuscripts demonstrating research capabilities.

Abstract

Artificial intelligence systems are transforming scientific discovery by accelerating specific research tasks, from protein structure prediction to materials design, yet remain confined to narrow domains requiring substantial human oversight. The exponential growth of scientific literature and increasing domain specialisation constrain researchers' capacity to synthesise knowledge across disciplines and develop unifying theories, motivating exploration of more general-purpose AI systems for science. Here we show that a domain-agnostic, agentic AI Scientist system can independently navigate the scientific workflow - from hypothesis generation through data collection to manuscript preparation. The system autonomously designed and executed three psychological studies on visual working memory, mental rotation, and imagery vividness, executed one new online data collection with 288 participants, developed analysis pipelines through 8-hour+ continuous coding sessions, and produced completed manuscripts. The results demonstrate the capability of AI scientific discovery pipelines to conduct non-trivial research with theoretical reasoning and methodological rigour comparable to experienced researchers, though with limitations in conceptual nuance and theoretical interpretation. This is a step toward embodied AI that can test hypotheses through real-world experiments, accelerating discovery by autonomously exploring regions of scientific space that human cognitive and resource constraints might otherwise leave unexplored. It raises important questions about the nature of scientific understanding and the attribution of scientific credit.