Graybox characterization and calibration with finite-shot estimation on superconducting-qubit experiments

TL;DR

This paper introduces a Graybox modeling approach combining explicit physics-based and implicit neural network models to characterize and calibrate superconducting qubits, optimizing gates with finite-shot experimental data.

Contribution

It presents a novel Graybox method for quantum device calibration that accounts for finite-shot measurement effects and benchmarks gate optimization using different loss functions.

Findings

Graybox approach effectively models noisy quantum dynamics.

Finite-shot estimation significantly impacts the achievable loss.

Expected loss bounds the absolute error of gate fidelity estimates.

Abstract

Characterization and calibration of quantum devices are necessary steps to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computing. As quantum devices become more sophisticated, it is increasingly essential to rely not only on physics-based models, but also on predictive models with open-loop optimization. Therefore, we choose the Graybox approach, which is composed of an explicit (whitebox) model describing the known dynamics and an implicit (blackbox) model describing the noisy dynamics in the form of a deep neural network, to characterize and calibrate superconducting-qubit devices. By sending a set of selected pulses to the devices and measuring Pauli expectation values, the Graybox approach can train the implicit model and optimize gates based on specified loss functions. We also benchmark our optimized gates on the devices and cross-testing predictive models with two types of loss functions, i.e., the mean squared errors (MSE) of expectation values and the absolute errors (AE) of average gate fidelities (AGF). While the Graybox method allows for flexibility of the implicit noise model, its construction relies on a finite measurement shots dataset. We thus apply the decomposition of expected MSE loss to show that the finite-shot estimation of expectation values is the main contribution to the minimum value achievable of the expected MSE loss. We also show that the expected loss is an upper bound of the expected absolute error of AGF between the exact value and model prediction. Our results provide insights for quantum device characterization and gate optimization in experiments where only finite shots of data are available.