Unconventional Phase Separation and Fractal Interfaces of Colloids in Active Liquids

TL;DR

This study uncovers how colloids in active liquids undergo spontaneous phase separation with fractal interfaces and unconventional growth kinetics, driven by nonequilibrium fluctuations from swimmer activity, challenging traditional equilibrium theories.

Contribution

It demonstrates the spontaneous phase separation with fractal interfaces in active colloids and introduces a scalar field theory modeling nonequilibrium fluctuations as correlated noise.

Findings

Colloidal domains grow as t^{1/4} initially and then arrest.

Interfaces exhibit non-Porod behavior with fractal structure.

Experimental results are reproduced by a nonequilibrium scalar field model.

Abstract

Phase separation driven by nonequilibrium fluctuations is a hallmark of both living and synthetic active matter. Unlike equilibrium systems, where ordered states arise from the minimization of free energy, active systems are fueled by a constant injection of energy at the microscopic scale. The emergence of ordered phases in such driven systems challenges our conventional views of domain growth and interfacial structure. In this study, we investigate the coarsening of colloidal clusters in active liquids containing E. coli. Our experiments reveal that uniform dispersions of colloids and swimmers are inherently unstable, resulting in spontaneous phase separation characterized by fractal interfaces and unconventional kinetics. The correlation function of the order parameter displays dynamical scaling, with the size of colloidal domains growing as $t^{1/z}$, where $z \sim 4$, in contrast to the well-known growth laws for thermal systems with a conserved order parameter. Furthermore, the structure factor exhibits non-Porod behavior, indicating domains with fractal interfaces. This non-Porod behavior also manifests itself as a cusp singularity in the correlation function. We elucidate our experimental findings using a scalar field theory in which the nonequilibrium fluctuations arising from swimmer activity are modeled as spatio-temporally correlated noise. This coarse-grained model, which breaks time-reversal symmetry and detailed balance, successfully reproduces key experimental observations. Furthermore, it reveals a fluctuating microphase separation, where the initial domain growth, following $t^{1/4}$ scaling, is eventually arrested, thereby shedding new light on the microscopic origins of unconventional phase separation of colloids in active liquids.