Satellites are closer than you think: A near field MIMO approach for Ground stations

TL;DR

This paper presents ArrayLink, a distributed phased array system that coherently combines multiple small panels to achieve high-gain beamforming and near-field MIMO capabilities for ground stations, significantly enhancing LEO satellite backhaul capacity.

Contribution

ArrayLink introduces a scalable, low-cost distributed phased array architecture that operates in the near-field, enabling high-gain beamforming and multiple spatial streams for LEO satellite ground stations.

Findings

Achieves dish-class gain within 1-2 dB of a 1.47 m reflector.

Supports up to four simultaneous spatial streams at hundreds of kilometers range.

Experimental results closely match theoretical and simulation predictions.

Abstract

The rapid growth of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations has revolutionized broadband access, earth observation, and direct-to-device connectivity. However, the expansion of ground station infrastructure has not kept pace, creating a critical bottleneck in satellite-to-ground backhaul capacity. Traditional parabolic dish antennas, though effective for geostationary (GEO) satellites, are ill-suited for dense, fastmoving LEO networks due to mechanical steering delays and their inability to track multiple satellites simultaneously. Phased array antennas offer electronically steerable beams and multisatellite support, but their integration into ground stations is limited by the high cost, hardware issues, and complexity of achieving sufficient antenna gain. We introduce ArrayLink, a distributed phased array architecture that coherently combines multiple small commercially available panels to achieve high-gain beamforming and unlock line-of-sight MIMO spatial multiplexing with minimal additional capital expenditure. By spacing 16 (32x32) panels across a kilometer-scale aperture, ArrayLink enters the radiative near-field, focusing energy in both angle and range while supporting up to four simultaneous spatial streams on a single feeder link. Through rigorous theoretical analysis, detailed 2D beam pattern simulations and real-world hardware experiments, we show that ArrayLink (i) achieves dish-class gain with in range 1-2 dB of 1.47 m reflector, (ii) maintains four parallel streams at ranges of hundreds of kilometers (falling to two beyond 2000 km), and (iii) exhibits tight agreement across theory, simulation, and experiment with minimal variance. These findings open a practical and scalable path to boosting LEO backhaul capacity.