Aging in a two-dimensional swarmalator crystal with delayed interactions

TL;DR

This paper explores how delay-induced aging in a two-dimensional swarmalator crystal leads to defect reduction and increased order, revealing a boundary-mediated annealing process that can control defects in active matter.

Contribution

It demonstrates a novel aging process in swarmalator crystals influenced by delay, showing defect elimination and boundary effects that enhance crystalline order.

Findings

Defects gradually merge or migrate to the boundary during aging.

Low delay can nearly eliminate defects through boundary-mediated annealing.

Residual defects often remain frozen inside the cluster.

Abstract

Time delay can have a significant impact on the properties of collective organization of active matter. In the previous paper [1], we discussed delay-induced breathing in a system of swarmalators - a model coupling particles' internal phases to spatial interactions. Here we build on that study to investigate the aging phenomenon in this system. It is the aging of a two-dimensional crystal with defects and inhomogeneous lattice constants, and takes place after the breathing transients subside. We show that aging proceeds through the gradual elimination of five-fold and seven-fold coordination number defects, which merge pairwise or migrate to the cluster boundary, incrementally increasing the hexatic order parameter in the bulk. Despite this process, defects usually do not fully disappear; some residual number of defects remain frozen in the interior. However, we found that it is possible to achieve a nearly total elimination of coordination number defects at sufficiently low delay - when the surface of the cluster develops a sufficeintly thick fluidized ``boiling layer''. This mechanism of boundary-mediated annealing reveals a non-equilibrium pathway to achieving high crystalline order in the bulk, and raises a tantalizing possibility for controlling defects in active matter with free boundaries.