On Digital Twins in Defence: Overview and Applications
Marco Giberna, Holger Voos, Paulo Tavares, Jo\~ao Nunes, Tobias Sorg, Andrea Masini, Jose Luis Sanchez-Lopez

TL;DR
This paper reviews the role of digital twins in defense, discussing their applications, standards, challenges, and future research directions to enhance modeling, simulation, and decision-making.
Contribution
It consolidates existing research into a unified framework, introduces a defense-specific digital twin characterization, and highlights key challenges and future opportunities.
Findings
Digital twins improve simulation fidelity and interoperability in defense.
Current challenges include interoperability, security, and system integration.
Stakeholder feedback reveals practical deployment challenges.
Abstract
Digital twins have emerged as a transformative technology for modeling and simulation in various industries, including defense. This paper provides a comprehensive review of digital twin applications in defense modeling and simulation, focusing on how digital twins can enhance simulation fidelity, interoperability, and decision support within defense systems. We consolidate existing research into a unified framework that links digital twin concepts, simulation-driven application, and real-world deployment in defense scenarios. We discuss the role of digital twin in applications like planning, training, execution and monitoring, and debriefing. We introduce a standardized digital twin characterization framework suitable for defense application that aligns with industrial modeling and simulation standards, and present a taxonomy of defense specific use cases, highlighting recurring…
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