Generalising the Central Dogma as a cross-hierarchical principle of biology

TL;DR

This paper generalizes the Central Dogma of molecular biology as a division of labor between information transmission and expression, providing a unifying framework across biological scales and explaining its evolution through symmetry breaking.

Contribution

It introduces a novel generalization of the Central Dogma as a division of labor, linking it to evolutionary processes and across multiple biological hierarchies.

Findings

Provides a unifying perspective across biological scales.

Offers a theoretical model explaining the origin of the Central Dogma.

Highlights the role of evolutionary conflicts in shaping information flow.

Abstract

The Central Dogma of molecular biology, as originally proposed by Crick, asserts that information passed into protein cannot flow back out. This principle has been interpreted as underpinning modern understandings of heredity and evolution, implying the unidirectionality of information flow from nucleic acids to proteins. Here, we propose a generalisation of the Central Dogma as a division of labour between the transmission and expression of information: the transmitter (nucleic acids) perpetuates information across generations, whereas the expressor (protein) enacts this information to facilitate the transmitter's function without itself perpetuating information. We argue that this generalisation offers two benefits. First, it provides a unifying perspective for comparing the Central Dogma to analogous divisions of labour observed at vastly different biological scales, including multicellular organisms, eukaryotic cells, organelles, and bacteria. Second, it offers a theoretical framework to explain the Central Dogma as an outcome of evolution. Specifically, we review a mathematical model suggesting that the Central Dogma originates through spontaneous symmetry breaking driven by evolutionary conflicts between different levels of selection. By reframing the Central Dogma as an informational relationship between components of a system, this generalisation underscores its broader relevance across the biological hierarchy and sheds light on its evolutionary origin.