Delay-facilitated self-assembly in compartmentalized systems

TL;DR

This paper reveals that slow inter-compartmental exchange can enhance self-assembly efficiency in biological and synthetic systems by leveraging a delay-facilitated mechanism, which is robust across various geometries and does not require fine-tuning of reaction rates.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of delay-facilitated self-assembly driven by slow particle exchange, providing a new framework for designing efficient compartmentalized self-assembly systems.

Findings

Slow exchange enhances assembly yield and reduces time.

The mechanism is robust across different geometries.

Geometric control can replace fine-tuning of reaction rates.

Abstract

Self-assembly processes in biological and synthetic biomolecular systems are often governed by the spatial separation of biochemical processes. While previous work has focused on optimizing self-assembly through fine-tuned reaction parameters or using phase-separated liquid compartments with fast particle exchange, the role of slow inter-compartmental exchange remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that slow particle exchange between reaction domains can enhance self-assembly efficiency through a cooperative mechanism: delay-facilitated assembly. Using a minimal model of irreversible self-assembly in two compartments with distinct reaction and exchange dynamics, we identify scenarios that maximize yield and minimize assembly time, even under conditions where isolated compartments would fail to facilitate any self-assembly. The mechanism relies on a separation of timescales between intra-compartmental reactions and inter-compartmental exchange and is robust across a wide range of geometries, including spatially extended domains with diffusive transport. We demonstrate that this effect enables geometric control of self-assembly processes through compartment volumes and exchange rates, eliminating the need for fine-tuning local reaction rates. These results offer a conceptual framework for leveraging spatial separation in synthetic self-assembly design and suggest that biological systems may use slow particle exchange to improve assembly efficiency. A video summary of this paper can be found at https://doi.org/10.5446/72056