The multi-faceted variability of HD 192639: Stochastic behaviour, regularities, and an exceptional mass-ejection event

TL;DR

This study investigates the complex variability of the O7.5 Iabf supergiant HD 192639 through combined spectroscopic and photometric data, revealing rotational modulations and an unprecedented mass-ejection event that enhances understanding of massive star behavior.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed observation of a significant mass-ejection event in HD 192639, linking variability patterns to stellar rotation and mass loss processes.

Findings

Detection of recurrent five-day modulation linked to stellar rotation

Observation of an unprecedented mass-ejection event causing a deep light curve dimming

Identification of both stochastic variability and regular modulations in the star's behavior

Abstract

Spectroscopic and photometric variability is widespread among O-type supergiants. It is linked to various phenomena affecting the star and its circumstellar environment, thereby providing direct information concerning them. To investigate such connections, we decided to revisit the prototypical O7.5 Iabf supergiant HD 192639. High-cadence spectroscopic monitoring was performed simultaneously with intensive space-borne photometric observations. The data were analysed with several methods to characterise the variability. Besides the usual stochastic, low-frequency photometric variability, our observations reveal the presence of recurrent - but transient - modulations on a timescale of about five days. The same signal is present in the spectroscopic data and was already seen two decades ago. This stability suggests that this timescale corresponds to the stellar rotation. Furthermore, our observations unveil, for the first time, an unusually strong dimming event in the light curve associated with absorption and emission changes in H I and He I lines. This unprecedented trough corresponds to an episodic ejection of a rather large amount of mass (its column density being comparable to that of the steady wind). While rare, such an event could hint at an overlooked aspect of mass loss in massive stars.