Force and geometric signatures of the creep-to-failure transition in a granular pile

TL;DR

This study investigates the creep-to-failure transition in granular piles by analyzing force networks and void geometry, revealing dynamic force chains and their role as indicators of imminent failure.

Contribution

It introduces experimental insights into force and geometric signatures that predict failure in granular materials, advancing understanding of creep-to-failure mechanisms.

Findings

Force chain structures remain dynamic even without particle movement.

Shifts in force chains indicate larger avalanche-scale disruptions.

Void geometry correlates with force signatures and failure onset.

Abstract

Granular creep is the slow, sub-yield movement of constituents in a granular packing due to the disordered nature of its grain-scale interactions. Despite the ubiquity of creep in disordered materials, it is still not understood how to best predict the creep-to-failure regime based on the forces and interactions among constituents. To address this gap, we perform experiments to explore creep and failure in quasi two-dimensional piles of photoelastic disks, allowing the quantification of both grain movements and grain-scale contact force networks. Through controlled external disturbances, we investigate the emergence and evolution of grain rearrangements, force networks, and voids to illuminate signatures of creep and failure. Surprisingly, the force chain structure remains dynamic even in the absence of observable particle motion. We find that shifts in force chains provide an indication to larger, avalanche-scale disruptions. We connect these force signatures with the geometry of the voids in the pile. Overall, our novel experiments and analyses deepen our mechanical and geometric understanding of the creep-to-failure transition in granular systems.