Cryogenic rf-to-microwave transducer based on a dc-biased electromechanical system

TL;DR

This paper introduces a cryogenic rf-to-microwave transducer using a dc-biased electromechanical system, achieving high sensitivity and tunability for quantum sensing and microwave circuit applications.

Contribution

It presents a novel two-stage transducer combining a tunable electrostatic pre-amplifier with a superconducting electromechanical cavity, demonstrating practical quantum-grade sensitivity.

Findings

Achieved charge sensitivity of 87 μe/√Hz at 10 mK.

Demonstrated rf-to-microwave transduction at 49 V bias.

Predicted sub-200 fV/√Hz sensitivity with improved parameters.

Abstract

We report a two-stage, heterodyne rf-to-microwave transducer that combines a tunable electrostatic pre-amplifier with a superconducting electromechanical cavity. A metalized Si$_3$N$_4$ membrane (3 MHz frequency) forms the movable plate of a vacuum-gap capacitor in a microwave LC resonator. A dc bias across the gap converts any small rf signal into a resonant electrostatic force proportional to the bias, providing a voltage-controlled gain that multiplies the cavity's intrinsic electromechanical gain. In a flip-chip device with a 1.5 $\mathrm{\mu}$m gap operated at 10 mK we observe dc-tunable anti-spring shifts, and rf-to-microwave transduction at 49 V bias, achieving a charge sensitivity of 87 $\mathrm{\mu}$e/$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ (0.9 nV/$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$). Extrapolation to sub-micron gaps and state-of-the-art $Q>10^8$ membrane resonators predicts sub-200 fV/$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ sensitivity, establishing dc-biased electromechanics as a practical route towards quantum-grade rf electrometers and low-noise modular heterodyne links for superconducting microwave circuits and charge or voltage sensing.