Identifying and anticipating the threshold bifurcation of a complex laser with permutation entropy

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that permutation entropy can effectively identify and anticipate the threshold bifurcation in a complex laser system by detecting changes in temporal correlations before the bifurcation point.

Contribution

The study introduces the use of permutation entropy as a tool to detect and predict laser bifurcations, outperforming traditional measures in capturing nonlinear correlations.

Findings

Permutation entropy decreases significantly below the bifurcation threshold.

PE reaches a sharp minimum at the bifurcation point, indicating increased correlations.

PE provides a clearer early warning of bifurcation compared to autocorrelation.

Abstract

The permutation entropy (PE) is a statistical indicator that allows to quantify the complexity of a signal. Here we show that it is able to {identify and anticipate} the threshold bifurcation of a complex laser, where thousands of modes compete for gain at the onset of lasing. In our experimental setup, the cavity roundtrip time is several orders of magnitude longer than the temporal resolution of the detection system, which enables a high statistical sampling of the intensity dynamics per roundtrip. We show that the permutation entropy experiences a clear decrease far below the threshold and reaches a sharp minimum at the threshold bifurcation point, which reveals an abrupt increase of the temporal correlations. The evolution of the entropy is compared with standard quantifiers of approaching bifurcations. While lag-1 autocorrelation gradually grows as the threshold is approached, PE shows a steep decrease that captures the emergence of nonlinear correlations and thus, it allows a clearer identification of the threshold.