Disks no more: the morphology of low-mass simulated galaxies in FIREbox

TL;DR

This study uses FIREbox simulations to explore how galaxy morphology varies with stellar mass, revealing a transition from disk-dominated to spheroidal shapes, and examining the factors influencing this change.

Contribution

It demonstrates FIREbox's ability to predict diverse galaxy morphologies and identifies key correlations between morphology, star formation burstiness, and halo mass.

Findings

Galaxies with Milky Way-like mass are often disk-dominated.

Disks become increasingly rare in galaxies with stellar mass below 10^9 solar masses.

A transition regime exists where disk formation correlates with lower burstiness and higher halo mass.

Abstract

We study the morphology of hundreds of simulated central galaxies in the stellar mass range $M_\star=10^{7.5} \rm - 10^{11}~$\msun\, from the FIREbox cosmological volume. We demonstrate that FIREbox is able to predict a wide variety of morphologies, spanning from disk-dominated objects to spheroidal galaxies supported by stellar velocity dispersion. However, the simulations predict a strong relation between morphology (degree of rotational support) and stellar mass: galaxies comparable to the Milky Way are often disk-dominated while the presence of stellar disks mostly vanishes for dwarfs with $M_\star <10^9 ~$\msun. This defines a ``morphology transition'' regime for galaxies with $10^9 <M_\star/\rm{M_\odot}< 10^{10}$ in which disks become increasingly common, but below which disks are rare. We show that burstiness in the star formation history and the deepening of the gravitational potential strongly correlate in our simulations with this transition regime, with disks forming in objects with lower levels of burstiness in the last $\sim 6$ Gyr and halos with mass $\sim 10^{11} ~ \rm{M_{\odot}}$ and above. While observations support a transition towards thicker disks in the regime of dwarfs, our results are in partial disagreement with observations of at least some largely rotationally supported gas disks in dwarfs with $M_\star < 10^9$\msun. This study highlights dwarf morphology as a fundamental benchmark for testing future galaxy formation models.