Global, Regional, and National Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease Attributable to High Body Mass Index (BMI) among Individuals Aged 20-54 Years from 1990 to 2021: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study

TL;DR

This study quantifies the global burden of chronic kidney disease attributable to high BMI from 1990 to 2021, revealing significant increases and disparities across regions, emphasizing the need for targeted public health interventions.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive analysis of the temporal and regional trends in CKD burden due to high BMI, using data from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study, and predicts future trends up to 2035.

Findings

Global deaths due to high BMI-related CKD more than tripled since 1990.

Accelerated increase in age-standardized mortality and DALYs, especially among males and in high-income North America.

Low-middle SDI regions had the highest burden in 2021.

Abstract

Background:Chronic kidney disease is one of the most prevalent non-communicable health issues globally, and high body mass index plays a significant role in the onset and progression of chronic kidney disease. Methods: Data on the disease burden attributable to high body mass index were retrieved from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study . The global cases, age-standardized mortality rate , and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years attributable to high body mass index were estimated based on age, sex, geographic location, and the Social-demographic Index (SDI). The estimated annual percentage change was calculated to quantify trends in ASMR and ASDR from 1990 to 2019. Decomposition and frontier analyses were conducted to understand the drivers behind changes in burden and to identify top-performing countries. Inequality analysis was performed to assess disparities in burden across different SDI levels. The Bayesian age-period-cohort model was used to predict the disease burden up to 2035.Results: In 2021, there were 4,643.41 global deaths and 2,514,227.16 DALYs attributable to high body mass index-related CKD, more than triple the figures from 1990. Additionally, from 1990 to 2021, the ASMR and ASDR accelerated, with EAPCs of 2.25 (95% CI: 2.13 to 2.37) and 1.98 (95% CI: 1.89 to 2.08), respectively, particularly among males, in High-income North America, and in Low-middle SDI regions. In terms of SDI, the Low-middle SDI region had the highest ASMR and ASDR related to CKD in 2021. Conclusion: From 1990 to 2021, there was a significant increase in global deaths and DALYs attributable to high high body mass index related CKD. As a major public health issue for CKD patients, high BMI urgently requires targeted measures to address it.