Real Noncommutative Convexity II: Extremality and nc convex functions

TL;DR

This paper advances the theory of real noncommutative convexity by exploring extremal points, convex functions, and their complexifications, revealing new features unique to the real setting.

Contribution

It introduces novel concepts of complexification for nc convex functions and envelopes, extending the complex theory to the real noncommutative context.

Findings

Analysis of real nc extreme points and boundaries

Introduction of complexification of nc convex functions

Discovery of new features in the real noncommutative setting

Abstract

We continue the development of real noncommutative (nc) convexity, building on the recent and profound complex theory of Davidson and Kennedy. The present paper focuses on the theory of nc extreme points (and pure and maximal points) and the nc Choquet boundary in the real setting, as well as on the theory of real nc convex and semicontinuous functions and real nc convex envelopes. Our main emphasis is on how these notions interact with complexification. In particular, parts of the paper analyze in detail how various notions of `extreme' or `maximal' relate to our earlier concept of the complexification of a convex set. Several new features emerge in the real case, especially in the later sections, including the novel notions of the complexification of a nc convex function and of the complexification of the convex envelope of a nc function. With an appendix by T. Russell.