Quantum Simulation of Molecular Dynamics Processes -- A Benchmark Study Using Classical Simulator and Present-Day Quantum Hardware

TL;DR

This study benchmarks quantum simulation methods for molecular dynamics on classical and current quantum hardware, demonstrating accurate results on simulators but highlighting hardware limitations affecting real quantum devices.

Contribution

It introduces shallower quantum circuits for initial wavefunction preparation and benchmarks their performance on classical simulators and real quantum hardware.

Findings

Classical simulators match traditional methods accurately.

Shallower circuits improve hardware performance.

Current hardware shows significant discrepancies due to noise.

Abstract

We explore how the fundamental problems in quantum molecular dynamics can be modelled using classical simulators (emulators) of quantum computers and the actual quantum hardware available to us today. The list of problems we tackle includes propagation of a free wave packet, vibration of a harmonic oscillator, and tunneling through a barrier. Each of these problems starts with the initial wave packet setup. Although Qiskit provides a general method for initializing wavefunctions, in most cases it generates deep quantum circuits. While these circuits perform well on noiseless simulators, they suffer from excessive noise on quantum hardware. To overcome this issue, we designed a shallower quantum circuit for preparing a Gaussian-like initial wave packet, which improves the performance on real hardware. Next, quantum circuits are implemented to apply the kinetic and potential energy operators for the evolution of a wavefunction over time. The results of our modelling on classical emulators of quantum hardware agree perfectly with the results obtained using the traditional (classical) methods. This serves as a benchmark and demonstrates that the quantum algorithms and Qiskit codes we developed are accurate. However, the results obtained on the actual quantum hardware available today, such as IBM's superconducting qubits and IonQ's trapped ions, indicate large discrepancies due to hardware limitations. This work highlights both the potential and challenges of using quantum computers to solve fundamental quantum molecular dynamics problems.