Dark photon dark matter from flattened axion potentials

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel mechanism for efficient dark photon production via axion potentials that are shallower than quadratic, leading to potential dark matter candidates and supporting experimental searches.

Contribution

It proposes a new scenario where shallow axion potentials enable dark photon production and oscillon formation, supported by numerical lattice simulations.

Findings

Dark photons can constitute significant dark matter from this mechanism.

Oscillon formation can sustain dark photon production.

Numerical simulations validate the scenario.

Abstract

Dark photons can be resonantly produced in the early universe via their coupling to an oscillating axion field. However, this mechanism typically requires large axion--dark photon couplings or some degree of fine-tuning. In this work, we present a new scenario in which efficient dark photon production arises from axion potentials that are shallower than quadratic at large field values. For moderately large initial misalignment angles, the oscillation of the axion field can trigger either efficient dark photon production or strong axion self-resonance via parametric resonance. When self-resonance dominates and disrupts the field's homogeneity, we show that oscillons -- localized, oscillating axion field configurations -- naturally form and can sustain continued dark photon production, provided the coupling is $\gtrsim \mathcal O(1)$. For dark photon mass up to three orders of magnitude below the axion mass, the produced dark photons can account for a significant fraction of the present-day dark matter. We support this scenario with numerical lattice simulations of a benchmark model. Our results further motivate experimental searches for ultralight dark photon dark matter. The simulation code is publicly available at https://github.com/hongyi18/AxionDarkPhotonSimulator.