Negation-Aware Test-Time Adaptation for Vision-Language Models

TL;DR

This paper introduces NEAT, a low-resource, test-time adaptation method that improves negation understanding in vision-language models by addressing distribution shifts without extensive retraining.

Contribution

The paper proposes a novel negation-aware test-time adaptation method that efficiently adjusts VLMs for negation understanding with minimal additional parameters.

Findings

NEAT achieves comparable or better performance than state-of-the-art methods.

It requires less than 0.01% of trainable parameters.

Extensive experiments validate NEAT's effectiveness across negation tasks.

Abstract

In this paper, we study a practical but less-touched problem in Vision-Language Models (VLMs), \ie, negation understanding. Specifically, many real-world applications require models to explicitly identify what is false or non-existent, \eg, radiologists may search for images that exclude specific conditions. Despite the impressive transferability of VLMs through large-scale training, they suffer from a critical limitation that fails to handle negation. To address this challenge, existing methods attribute its root cause to the scarcity of negation training data and propose to fine-tune VLMs on massive data containing explicit negation. Undoubtedly, such data-centric solutions demand substantial data and computational resources, limiting their sustainable widespread adoption. To tackle negation in a low-carbon manner, we empirically observe that the key obstacle lies in the dual-concept shifts between the affirmation and negation distributions. Therefore, we propose a Negation-Aware Test-Time Adaptation (NEAT) method to efficiently adjust distribution-related parameters during inference. In brief, NEAT can reduce distribution shift in consistent semantics while eliminating false distributional consistency in unrelated semantics. Extensive experiments on the various negation understanding tasks verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Remarkably, with less than 0.01\% of trainable parameters, NEAT achieves comparable or superior performance to state-of-the-art post-training approaches. Our code is available at https://github.com/hhc1997/NEAT.