Almost fault-tolerant quantum machine learning with drastic overhead reduction

TL;DR

This paper introduces a partial quantum error correction approach for quantum machine learning that reduces overhead and maintains trainability under realistic noise levels, offering a practical path for noisy quantum processors.

Contribution

It proposes omitting certain error correction steps to significantly lower resource overhead while preserving the trainability of quantum machine learning models in noisy conditions.

Findings

QML models remain trainable with ~0.2% depolarizing noise when using error-corrected two-qubit gates.

Trainability is robust across various noise models, including phase-damping and thermal channels.

Thermal damping can improve quantum state purity and model performance.

Abstract

Errors in the current generation of quantum processors pose a significant challenge towards practical-scale implementations of quantum machine learning (QML) as they lead to trainability issues arising from noise-induced barren plateaus, as well as performance degradations due to the noise accumulation in deep circuits even when QML models are free from barren plateaus. Quantum error correction (QEC) protocols are being developed to overcome hardware noise, but their extremely high spacetime overheads, mainly due to magic state distillation, make them infeasible for near-term practical implementation. This work proposes the idea of partial quantum error correction (QEC) for quantum machine learning (QML) models and identifies a sweet spot where distillations are omitted to significantly reduce overhead. By assuming error-corrected two-qubit Controlled-$Z$s (Clifford operations), we demonstrate that the QML models remain trainable even when single-qubit gates are subjected to $\approx0.2\%$ depolarizing noise, corresponding to a gate error rate of $\approx0.13\%$ under randomized benchmarking. Further analysis based on various noise models, such as phase-damping and thermal-dissipation channels at low temperature, indicates that the QML models are trainable independent of the mean angle of over-rotation, or can even be improved by thermal damping that purifies a quantum state away from depolarizations. While it may take several years to build quantum processors capable of fully fault-tolerant QML, our work proposes a resource-efficient solution for trainable and high-accuracy QML implementations in noisy environments.