Reconstructing the unitary part of a noisy quantum channel

TL;DR

This paper presents a method for reconstructing the unitary part of a quantum channel from input-output states, effective under various conditions including decoherence and SPAM errors.

Contribution

It introduces a reconstruction technique that works with mixed or pure states and compares its efficiency to Choi matrix-based methods, especially near-unitary dynamics.

Findings

Pure state reconstruction is resource-efficient near unitary dynamics.

Mixed state approach performs better with significant decoherence.

Method is robust against SPAM errors and scalable with Hilbert space size.

Abstract

We consider the problem of reconstructing the unitary describing the evolution of a quantum system, or quantum channel, from a set of input and output states. For ideal, fully coherent evolution, we show that the unitary can be reconstructed from two mixed states or $d+1$ pure states, where $d$ is the size of Hilbert space. The reconstruction method can be extended to approximate the unitary part of a dynamical map, provided the decoherence is not too strong to render this question meaningless. We exemplify the method for the example of the cross-resonance gate as well as a random set of unitaries, comparing the reconstruction from pure, respectively mixed, states to an approach based on the Choi matrix. We find that the pure state reconstruction requires the least amount of resources when the dynamics is close to unitary, whereas the mixed state approach outperforms the pure state reconstruction in terms of channel uses for appreciable decoherence. These conclusions hold also in the presence of SPAM errors and irrespective of the Hilbert space size.