Observational constraints on phenomenological emergent dark energy and barotropic dark matter characterized by a constant equation of state parameter

TL;DR

This paper investigates a new cosmological model with dark matter as a barotropic fluid and emergent dark energy, constraining it with multiple observational datasets, but finds strong evidence favoring the standard Lambda-CDM model.

Contribution

It introduces a novel model where dark matter has a constant equation of state and dark energy is emergent, and constrains it using diverse cosmological observations.

Findings

Positive dark matter equation of state detected at 95% confidence.

Model parameters show consistency with standard Lambda-CDM.

Bayesian analysis favors Lambda-CDM over the new model.

Abstract

While cold dark matter is widely supported by a range of cosmological observations, it encounters several difficulties at smaller scales. These issues have prompted the investigation of various alternative dark matter candidates, leaving the question "What is dark matter?" still open. In this work, we propose a new cosmological model that considers dark matter as a barotropic fluid with a constant equation of state parameter and interprets dark energy as the phenomenological emergent dark energy rather than a cosmological constant. We then place constraints on our new model using the Planck 2018 Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropy measurements, Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) measurements from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), the Pantheon Plus (PP) compilation of Type Ia supernovae (Ia SNe), and the Redshift Space Distortions (RSD) data from Gold2018. The results show statistically significant signal for positive dark matter equation of state and square of sound speed $w_{\rm dm}=c_{\rm s,dm}^2$ ($10^{7}w_{\rm dm}$ = $4.0^{+2.5}_{-2.3}$ at the 95\% confidence level) for the data combination CMB+DESI+PP+RSD. However, Bayesian evidence indicates that this data combination favors the $\Lambda$CDM model with very strong evidence.