The Serpent Eating Its Own Tail: Dust Destruction in the Apep Colliding-Wind Nebula

TL;DR

This study reveals how dust in the Apep colliding-wind nebula is shaped by stellar interactions, confirming the system's hierarchical triple nature and providing new constraints on its orbital and wind parameters.

Contribution

First direct observation of a star carving a cavity in a colliding-wind nebula, establishing the O star as part of the Apep system, and constraining the system's orbital characteristics.

Findings

The O star is physically associated with Apep.

The binary has an orbital period over 190 years.

A new geometric model constrains wind and orbital parameters.

Abstract

Much of the carbonaceous dust observed in the early universe may originate from colliding wind binaries (CWBs) hosting hot, luminous Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars. Downstream of the shock between the stellar winds there exists a suitable environment for dust grain formation, and the orbital motion of the stars wraps this dust into richly structured spiral geometries. The Apep system is the most extreme WR-CWB in our Milky Way: two WR stars produce a complex spiral dust nebula, whose slow expansion has been linked to a gamma-ray burst progenitor. It has been unclear whether the O-type supergiant 0.7" distant from the WR+WR binary is physically associated with the system, and whether it affects the dusty nebula. Multi-epoch VLT/VISIR and JWST/MIRI observations show that this northern companion star routinely carves a cavity in the dust nebula - the first time such an effect has been observed in a CWB - which unambiguously associates the O star as a bound component to the Apep system. These observations are used together with a new geometric model to infer the cavity geometry and the orbit of the WR+WR binary, yielding the first strong constraints on wind and orbital parameters. We confirm an orbital period of over 190 years for the inner binary - nearly an order of magnitude longer than the next longest period dust-producing WR-CWB. This, together with the confirmed classification as a hierarchical triple, cements Apep as a singular astrophysical laboratory for studying colliding winds and the terminal life stages of the most massive star systems.