Graphs With the Same Edge Count in Each Neighborhood

TL;DR

This paper investigates the existence of r-regular graphs with neighborhoods inducing exactly c edges, strengthening bounds on nonexistence, providing detailed characterizations for Cayley graphs, and exploring generalizations with multiple edge types.

Contribution

It improves bounds on parameters for such graphs, offers a detailed characterization for Cayley graphs, and advances understanding of graphs with multiple edge types.

Findings

Strengthened nonexistence bounds for certain c values.

Provided a detailed characterization for Cayley graphs.

Partially resolved open questions on flip colorings in graphs.

Abstract

In a recent paper, Caro, Lauri, Mifsud, Yuster, and Zarb ask which parameters $r$ and $c$ admit the existence of an $r$-regular graph such that the neighborhood of each vertex induces exactly $c$ edges. They show that every $r$ with $c$ satisfying $0\leq c\leq {r\choose 2}-5r^{3/2}$ is achievable, but no $r$ with $c$ satisfying ${r\choose 2}-\lfloor\frac{r}{3}\rfloor\leq c\leq {r\choose 2}-1$ is. We strengthen the bound in their nonexistence result from ${r\choose 2}-\lfloor\frac{r}{3}\rfloor$ to ${r\choose 2}-\lfloor\frac{r-2}{2}\rfloor$. Additionally, when the graph is the Cayley graph of an abelian group, we obtain a much more fine-grained characterization of the achievable values of $c$ between $\binom{r}{2} - 5r^{3/2}$ and $\binom{r}{2} - \lfloor\frac{r-2}{2}\rfloor$, which we conjecture to be the correct answer for general graphs as well. That result relies on a lemma about approximate subgroups in the "99% regime," quantifying the extent to which nearly-additively-closed subsets of an abelian group must be close to actual subgroups. Finally, we consider a generalization to graphs with multiple types of edges and partially resolve several open questions of Caro et al. about $\textit{flip}$ colorings of graphs.