Strangeon Matter: from Stars to Nuggets

TL;DR

This paper proposes that strangeons, as fundamental units of strong matter, could form strangeon stars and nuggets, offering explanations for their existence and observational evidence in the universe.

Contribution

It introduces the strangeon hypothesis as a new fundamental concept for bulk strong matter, linking stellar objects and nuggets.

Findings

Strangeon stars can have baryon numbers around 10^{57}.

Strange nuggets with baryon numbers exceeding 10^{10} could exist.

Observational evidence supports the existence of strangeon matter.

Abstract

The fact that strange sea quarks are abundant in the nucleons, but with zero net strangeness, is of great importance for understanding the nature of matter condensed by the strong interaction, particularly in the context of the ``gigantic nucleus'' formed by the gravitational collapse of an evolved massive star. We hypothesize that the basic unit of bulk strong matter with the light-flavor symmetry of valence quarks is ``strangeon'', which is the counterpart of the nucleon found in atomic nuclei. In addition to strangeon stars (SnSs) with large baryon number of $A\approx 10^{57}$, strange nuggets (SnNs) with $A\gtrsim 10^{10}$ could also exist in the Universe. Both the SnS and the SnN are explained, with attention to their observational evidence.