A Torus Remnant Revealed by the Infrared Echo of Tidal Disruption Event AT 2019qiz: Implications for the Missing Energy and Quasiperiodic Eruption Formation

TL;DR

This paper reports the discovery of a large torus remnant around TDE AT 2019qiz via IR echoes, linking TDEs, QPEs, and AGN evolution, and suggests missing energy may be in unobservable extreme UV.

Contribution

It reveals a large-scale torus remnant around a TDE, supporting the connection between IR-bright TDEs, QPEs, and faded AGNs, and highlights IR echoes as a tool for studying TDE energetics.

Findings

Detected IR echo indicating a large torus remnant >1.2pc.

Estimated peak bolometric luminosity exceeds optical peak, implying missing energy in UV.

Supports the unified model linking TDEs, QPEs, and AGN evolution.

Abstract

AT 2019qiz is the first standard optical tidal disruption event (TDE) with detection of X-ray quasi-periodic eruptions (QPEs), providing strong evidence for TDE-QPE association. Moreover, it belongs to the rare subset of optical TDEs with prominent infrared (IR) echoes revealed by the multi-epoch photometry from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). The IR light curve shows an early bump, followed by a steady rise until the second-to-last epoch, after which it appears to enter a plateau phase. The dust temperature decreased until the fourth epoch and remains approximately constant for the subsequent five epochs. We have fitted the last five epochs using a convex dust ring model, resulting in an inner radius $>1.2$pc. Such a large radius greatly exceeds the inner radius of the active galactic nuclei (AGN) torus for a $10^6\,M_{\odot}$ black hole and thus could be a torus remnant with the inner part having vanished, further supporting the unified scenario of recently faded AGNs, TDEs, and QPEs. Consequently, a connection between QPEs and IR-bright TDEs is naturally expected. Moreover, the echo requires at least a peak bolometric luminosity of $(6.6, 9.5, 1.0)\times 10^{44} \,\text{erg}\,\text{s}^{-1}$ assuming silicate, silicon carbide, and graphite dust grains, respectively, all of which are significantly higher than the peak optical blackbody luminosity. It adds to the accumulating evidence that the missing energy of TDEs may lie in the unobservable extreme UV. This work highlights the unique value of IR echoes in the study of TDEs and QPEs, and a promising prospect in the era of the Near-Earth Object (NEO) Surveyor, the successor to WISE.