Impacts and Ejecta in Natural Granular Material

TL;DR

This study investigates how low-velocity impacts into multi-scale granular media produce asymmetric ejecta curtains, revealing the influence of larger buried grains on ejecta dynamics through experimental analysis.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive experimental approach combining multiple analysis techniques to characterize ejecta from impacts into heterogeneous granular media, highlighting the effects of larger grains.

Findings

Multi-scale impacts produce asymmetric ejecta curtains.

Larger buried grains influence ejecta direction and velocity.

Ejecta asymmetry is linked to heterogeneity in the granular medium.

Abstract

With laboratory experiments we investigate the ejecta of low-velocity (~m/s) impacts into multi-scale granular media and compare them against ejecta from impacts into mono-scale media. Impacts are into a 50 cm diameter galvanized washtub filled with fine sand that has larger diameter gravel buried below the surface is filmed with two high-speed cameras. The resulting ejecta curtain consists mainly of fine sand, and has a complex asymmetric structure that depends on the location and interaction of the ejecta with the larger gravel grains mixed into the sand. To characterize the highly heterogeneous ejecta curtain we combine three analysis techniques: Particle tracking measures the ejecta velocities and ejecta angles best in low density regions, while particle image velocimetry (PIV) elucidates average motion in dense regions, and histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) which captures directions of motion against a patterned background. We find significant asymmetries in the multi-scale ejecta's velocity distributions and ejection angles compared to the symmetry seen in the ejecta from impacts into mono-scale media. Our experiments show that larger grains under the surface impede and direct ejecta along preferential paths during the impact process.