Peer Influence on West Point Cadets' Civil War Allegiances

TL;DR

This study investigates how peer influence affected West Point cadets' allegiance choices during the Civil War, revealing significant effects modulated by geography and shared experiences.

Contribution

It provides empirical evidence of peer effects on military allegiance decisions in a highly polarized historical context, highlighting the role of social networks.

Findings

Higher proportion of Free State cadets increased Union allegiance among Slave State cadets.

Peer effects varied with geographic factors and individual slave ownership.

Shared military experiences amplified peer influence on allegiance decisions.

Abstract

Do social networks and peer influence shape major life decisions in highly polarized settings? We explore this question by examining how peers influenced the allegiances of West Point cadets during the American Civil War. Leveraging quasi-random variations in the proportion of cadets from Free States, we analyze how cadets' decisions about which army to join depended on the composition of their peers. We have three main findings. First, there was a strong and significant peer effect: a higher proportion of classmates from Free States significantly increased the likelihood that cadets from Slave States joined the Union Army. Second, the peer effect varies with geography, most notably with the slave population share in cadets' home states or counties, and with cadets' own slave ownership in 1860. Third, peer effects were amplified by shared experiences such as having served together in the Mexican-American War, continuous military service, and belonging to the same cohort, suggesting that sustained interaction is important.