The Orbital Eccentricity-Radius Relation for Planets Orbiting M Dwarfs

TL;DR

This study analyzes the orbital eccentricity-radius relation for small planets orbiting M dwarfs, revealing a positive correlation similar to Sun-like stars and providing insights into their dynamical evolution and atmospheric loss mechanisms.

Contribution

It extends the eccentricity-radius relation analysis to M dwarf planets using TESS and Kepler data, highlighting similarities and differences with Sun-like star systems.

Findings

Positive eccentricity-radius trend for planets >3.5 R_earth

Modest higher eccentricities for single-transit planets near the radius gap

No increased eccentricity near the radius gap among multi-transit planets

Abstract

The orbital eccentricity-radius relation for small planets is indicative of the predominant dynamical sculpting processes during late-stage orbital evolution. Previous studies have shown that planets orbiting Sun-like stars exhibit an eccentricity-radius trend such that larger planets have higher orbital eccentricities, and that radius gap planets may have modestly higher orbital eccentricities than planets on either side of the radius gap. In this work, we investigate the trend for a sample of smaller M dwarf stars. For a sample of 236 single- and multi-transit confirmed planets or candidates discovered by the TESS and Kepler missions, we constrain orbital eccentricity for each planet from the transit photometry together with a stellar density prior. We investigate the binned eccentricity-planet radius relation for the combined planet sample and present evidence for a positive eccentricity-radius relationship with elevated eccentricities for planets larger than 3.5 R_earth, similar to the trend for planets orbiting Sun-like stars. We find modest evidence that single-transit M dwarf planets near the radius gap exhibit higher eccentricity, consistent with trends for Sun-like stars. However, we see no evidence for an increased eccentricity near the radius gap among multi-transit M dwarf planets. We discuss implications for these results in the context of predominant atmospheric loss mechanisms: namely, supporting evidence for photoevaporation in M dwarf planets vs. planet-planet collisions or giant impacts in FGK dwarf planets.