Positivity bounds in scalar-QED EFT at one-loop level

TL;DR

This paper investigates how positivity bounds apply to one-loop generated dimension-8 operators in scalar QED EFT, revealing conditions under which these bounds are preserved or violated, with implications for more realistic gauge theories.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of positivity bounds at one-loop level in scalar QED EFT, including the effects of gauge invariance and IR divergences, and explores their behavior in UV models.

Findings

One-loop bounds can differ from tree-level bounds, especially in scalar-photon scattering.

The one-loop beta functions tend to restore tree-level positivity bounds in IR.

Tree-level bounds remain robust for photon-photon scattering at one-loop level.

Abstract

Understanding the implication of positivity bounds on loop-generated dim-8 operator coefficients is a nontrivial task, as these bounds only strictly hold when all the contributions are included in the dispersion relation up to a certain loop order in the UV theory. As a step towards more realistic gauge theories such as the Standard Model, in this paper we study the positivity bounds in the Scalar QED Effective Field Theory (EFT) from the scalar-photon scattering ($\gamma\phi \to \gamma\phi$) and the photon-photon scattering ($\gamma\gamma \to \gamma\gamma$), derived from the dispersion relation of the full one-loop EFT amplitudes. Assuming the UV theory is weakly coupled and all heavy particles have spin $\leq1$, the leading dim-8 interaction for both amplitudes are generated at the one-loop level in the UV theory. Gauge invariance imposes strong constraints on the loop structures, while potential IR divergences also require careful treatments. Our findings reveal that, for $\gamma\phi \to \gamma\phi$, while the tree-level bound does not necessarily hold, the one-loop $\beta$-function of the corresponding coefficient always tends to restore the tree-level bound in the IR, unless its actual loop order in the UV theory is further suppressed. For $\gamma\gamma \to \gamma\gamma$, on the other hand, the tree-level positivity bound is still robust at the one-loop level in the UV theory. These findings are verified in two example UV models with a heavy scalar extension. Importantly, the bounds on the $\beta$-functions that we obtain should be considered as an accidental feature at one loop, rather than a fundamental property of the theory.