Quantitative Morphology of Galactic Cirrus in Deep Optical Imaging

TL;DR

This paper analyzes the morphology of optical Galactic cirrus using advanced statistical methods, revealing filamentary structures and similarities with far-infrared cirrus, and compares these features across multiple wavelengths to understand the interstellar medium.

Contribution

It introduces comprehensive statistical approaches to characterize optical cirrus morphology and compares it across different wavelengths, linking structure to physical processes in the ISM.

Findings

Optical cirrus morphology closely resembles far-infrared cirrus.

Cirrus structures follow a power-law power spectrum with index ~-2.9.

Filamentary, coherent structures are prevalent across scales.

Abstract

Imaging of optical Galactic cirrus, the spatially resolved form of diffuse Galactic light, provides important insights into the properties of the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) in the Milky Way. While previous investigations have focused mainly on the intensity characteristics of optical cirrus, their morphological properties remain largely unexplored. In this study, we employ several complementary statistical approaches -- local intensity statistics, angular power spectrum / $\Delta$-variance analysis, and wavelet scattering transform analysis -- to characterize the morphology of cirrus in deep optical imaging data. We place our investigation of optical cirrus into a multi-wavelength context by comparing the morphology of cirrus seen with the Dragonfly Telephoto Array to that seen with space-based facilities working at longer wavelengths (Herschel 250 $\mu m$, WISE 12 $\mu m$, and Planck radiance), as well as with structures seen in the DHIGLS HI column density map. Our statistical methods quantify the similarities and the differences of cirrus morphology in all these datasets. The morphology of cirrus at visible wavelengths resembles that of far-infrared cirrus more closely than that of mid-infrared cirrus; on small scales, anisotropies in the cosmic infrared background and systematics may lead to differences. Across all dust tracers, cirrus morphology can be well described by a power spectrum with a common power-law index $\gamma\sim-2.9$. We demonstrate quantitatively that optical cirrus exhibits filamentary, coherent structures across a broad range of angular scales. Our results offer promising avenues for linking the analysis of coherent structures in optical cirrus to the underlying physical processes in the ISM that shape them. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these morphological signatures can be leveraged to distinguish and disentangle cirrus from extragalactic light.