Severe Plastic Deformation of Ceramics by High-Pressure Torsion: Review of Principles and Applications

TL;DR

This review discusses how high-pressure torsion enables severe plastic deformation of ceramics, leading to nanostructured materials with enhanced properties for energy, environmental, and electronic applications.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in HPT processing of ceramics, highlighting new microstructures, phase transformations, and synthesis of novel high-pressure materials.

Findings

HPT induces nanograins and defects in ceramics.

Deformed ceramics show improved functional properties.

HPT enables synthesis of high-entropy and high-pressure ceramic phases.

Abstract

Ceramics are typically brittle at ambient conditions due to their covalent or ionic bonding and limited dislocation activities. While plasticity, and occasionally superplasticity, can be achieved in ceramics at high temperatures through thermally activated phenomena, creep, and grain boundary sliding, their deformation at ambient temperature and pressure remains challenging. Processing under high pressure via the high-pressure torsion (HPT) method offers new pathways for severe plastic deformation (SPD) of ceramics. This article reviews recent advances in HPT processing of ceramics, focusing primarily on traditional ceramics (e.g., oxides, carbides, nitrides, oxynitrides) and to a lesser extent advanced ceramics (e.g., silicon, carbon, perovskites, clathrates). Key structural and microstructural features of SPD-processed ceramics are discussed, including phase transformations and the generation of nanograins and defects such as vacancies and dislocations. The properties and applications of these deformed ceramics are summarized, including powder consolidation, photoluminescence, bandgap narrowing, photovoltaics, photocatalysis (dye degradation, plastic waste degradation, antibiotic degradation, hydrogen production, CO2 conversion), electrocatalysis, thermoelectric performance, dielectric performance, and ion conductivity for Li-ion batteries. Additionally, the article highlights the role of HPT in synthesizing novel materials, such as high-entropy ceramics (particularly high-entropy oxides), black oxides, and high-pressure polymorphs, which hold promise for energy and environmental applications.