Orbital distortion and parabolic channel effects transform minima in molecular ionization probabilities into maxima

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that orbital distortion and parabolic channel effects can significantly alter the angular dependence of molecular ionization rates, transforming minima into maxima as field strength increases, independent of excited-state effects.

Contribution

It introduces a new understanding of ionization rate shape changes due to orbital distortion and parabolic channel effects, independent of excited states, and develops an efficient partial-wave expansion method for OE-WFAT(1).

Findings

Orbital distortion and parabolic channel effects can change minima into maxima in ionization rates.

The reformulated partial-wave expansion enhances computational efficiency of OE-WFAT(1).

These effects are significant even when excited-state contributions are negligible.

Abstract

In the tunneling regime and at sufficiently low field amplitudes, the shape of orientation-dependent molecular ionization rate curves usually resembles the shape of the ionized orbital. As the ionizing field strength increases, the shape of the ionization rate can deviate from this pattern. The oft-cited explanation is that the increasing contribution of excited states relative to the ground state modifies the distribution. In this paper, we show that orbital distortion and parabolic channel effects, which are independent of excited-state effects, can also significantly modify the angular dependence of the yields of widely studied molecules where excited state effects are negligible. For example, we find that in CH$_3$Br, the interplay between orbital distortion and parabolic channel effects transforms a local minimum in the orientation-dependent ionization rate to a local maximum as the ionizing field strength increases. To simulate orbital distortion and parabolic channel effects, we use the one-electron weak-field asymptotic theory including the first-order correction (OE-WFAT(1)) in the integral representation. Since OE-WFAT(1) incurs expensive computations when the number of orientation angles is large, we also reformulate the original OE-WFAT(1) algorithm into a partial-wave expansion form, which greatly enhances the efficiency of the method.