Rational lemniscates and the matching problem

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates the existence of Jordan curves with any Hausdorff dimension between 1 and 2 for which the matching problem has solutions, using conformal welding and harmonic measure, and characterizes rational lemniscates.

Contribution

It provides the first examples of solutions beyond rational lemniscates for the matching problem, answering a longstanding question.

Findings

Existence of Jordan curves with any Hausdorff dimension between 1 and 2 with solutions

New examples of curves where the matching problem has no solution

Characterization of rational lemniscates via harmonic measure

Abstract

The matching problem for a given Jordan curve in the complex plane asks to find two nonconstant functions, one analytic in the bounded complementary component of the curve and the other analytic in the unbounded complementary component of the curve, which are continuous up to the curve and complex conjugate to each other on the curve. We prove that there exist Jordan curves of any Hausdorff dimension between $1$ and $2$ for which the matching problem has a solution. This answers a question of Ebenfelt--Khavinson--Shapiro and provides the first examples of solutions to the matching problem other than rational lemniscates. Our approach relies on conformal welding and harmonic measure. We also obtain new examples of Jordan curves for which the matching problem has no solution, and give a characterization of the subsets of the Riemann sphere that are rational lemniscates in terms of harmonic measure.