On the dynamics of affective states during play and the role of confusion

TL;DR

This study investigates how confusion during gameplay influences learning and player experience, revealing that confusion can positively impact motivation and flow, and aligns with learning models in specific contexts.

Contribution

It introduces a study on affective states during intentionally confusing gameplay and links confusion-related affects to learning models and flow experiences.

Findings

Confusion can positively influence motivation and learning.

Affects during confusion align with complex learning models.

Correlations found between affects and flow experiences.

Abstract

Video game designers often view confusion as undesirable, yet it is inevitable, as new players must adapt to new interfaces and mechanics in an increasingly varied and innovative game market, which is more popular than ever. Research suggests that confusion can contribute to a positive experience, potentially motivating players to learn. The state of confusion in video games should be further investigated to gain more insight into the learning experience of play and how it affects the player experience. In this article, we design a study to collect learning-related affects for users playing a game prototype that intentionally confuses the player. We assess the gathered affects against a complex learning model, affirming that, in specific instances, the player experience aligns with the learning experiences. Moreover, we identify correlations between these affects and the Player Experience Inventory constructs, particularly concerning flow experiences.