Vortex topology in the lee of a 6:1 prolate spheroid

TL;DR

This study uses Large-Eddy Simulation to analyze how Reynolds number and angle of attack influence vortex topology, flow separation, and loads on a prolate spheroid, revealing three distinct flow regimes.

Contribution

It provides a detailed classification of vortex topologies and their evolution over a range of flow conditions for a prolate spheroid.

Findings

Identified three flow topologies: proto-vortex, coherent vortex, and recirculating wake.

Showed how flow regimes depend on Reynolds number and angle of attack.

Linked flow structures to aerodynamic loads on the spheroid.

Abstract

A large scale parametric study of the flow over the prolate spheroid is presented to understand the effect of Reynolds number and angle of attack on the separation, the wake formation and the loads. Large-Eddy Simulation is performed for six Reynolds numbers ranging from Re = 0.15M to Re = 4M and for eight angles of attack ranging from 10 degrees to 90 degrees. For all the cases considered, the boundary layer separates symmetrically and forms a recirculation region. Several distinct flow topologies are observed that can be grouped into three categories: proto-vortex, coherent vortex and recirculating wake. In the proto-vortex state, the recirculation does not have a distinct center of rotation, instead, a two-layer detached flow structure is formed. In the coherent vortex state, the separated shear layer rolls into a three-dimensional vortex that is aligned with the axis of the spheroid. This vortex has a clear center of rotation corresponding to a minimum of pressure and transforms the azimuthal momentum from the separated shear layer into axial momentum. In the recirculating wake regime, the recirculation is incoherent and the primary separation forms a dissipative shear layer that is convected in the direction of the free-stream. This symmetric pair of shear layers bounds a low-momentum recirculating cavity on the leeward side of the spheroid. The properties of these states are not constant, but evolve along the axis of the spheroid and are dictated by the characteristics of the boundary layer at separation. The variation of the flow with Reynolds number and angle of attack is described, and its connection to the loads on the spheroid are discussed.