Measuring the muon content of inclined air showers using AERA and the water-Cherenkov detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory

TL;DR

This study combines radio and particle measurements to estimate muon content in inclined air showers, confirming a muon deficit in simulations compared to observations, consistent with a heavier primary composition.

Contribution

It introduces a hybrid method using radio and water-Cherenkov data to measure muons in inclined air showers, validating previous muon deficit findings with new hybrid data.

Findings

Muon content aligns with iron primary predictions

Confirms muon deficit in simulations

Hybrid radio and particle analysis enhances measurement accuracy

Abstract

We present a novel approach for assessing the muon content of air showers with large zenith angles on a combined analysis of their radio emission and particle footprint. We use the radiation energy reconstructed by the Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) as an energy estimator and determine the muon number independently with the water-Cherenkov detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory, deployed on a 1500 m grid. We focus our analysis on air showers with primary energy above 4 EeV to ensure full detection efficiency. Over approximately ten years of accumulated data, we identify a set of 40 high-quality events that are used in the analysis. The estimated muon contents in data are compatible with those for iron primaries as predicted by current-generation hadronic interaction models. This result can be interpreted as a deficit of muons in simulations as a lighter mass composition has been established from Xmax measurements. This muon deficit was already observed in previous analyses of the Auger Collaboration and is confirmed using hybrid events that include radio measurements for the first time.