Milliarcsecond astrometric oscillations in active galactic nuclei as a precursor of multi-messenger gravitational wave events

TL;DR

This paper investigates milliarcsecond astrometric oscillations in active galactic nuclei as indicators of supermassive black hole binaries, proposing models to predict gravitational wave emissions and emphasizing VLBI monitoring for multi-messenger astronomy.

Contribution

It identifies new cases of astrometric oscillations in AGN, develops a toy model for SMBHB evolution, and highlights the potential of VLBI for future multi-messenger gravitational wave detection.

Findings

Detected astrometric oscillations in J0204+1514 suggesting SMBHB presence.

Developed a toy model predicting GW emission from SMBHBs.

Re-estimated the redshift of J2102+6015 as z=1.42.

Abstract

The existence of supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) is predicted by various cosmological and evolutionary scenarios for active galactic nuclei. These objects are considered as contributors into the gravitational wave (GW) background and emitters of discrete GW bursts. Yet, SMBHBs remain a rather elusive class of extragalactic objects. Previously we have identified the quasar J2102+6015 as potential SMBHB system based on its oscillating astrometric pattern. We analysed the available VLBI astrometry data and identified another case of astrometric oscillations in the source J0204+1514. We assume these oscillations as manifestations of orbital motion in a binary systems. We estimated parameters of the suspected SMBHB in this source and applied basic theoretical models for projecting its evolution toward coalescence. We also develop a toy model of SMBHB consistent with the discovered astrometric oscillations and give quantitative predictions of GW emission of such the source using the case of J0204+1514 as an example. As an ad hoc result, we also provide a re-assessed estimate of the redshift of J2102+6015, z=1.42. A toy model of the object containing SMBHB with parameters consistent with the observed astrometric oscillations of the source J0204+1514 enabled us to consider GW emission as the cause of the system's orbital evolution. Astrometric VLBI monitoring has an appreciable potential for future detections of SMBHBs as multi-messenger targets for both electromagnetic (in radio domain) and gravitational wave astronomy. To outline the contours of a future physical model connecting SMBHB with detectable GW manifestations, we apply the toy model to the source J0204+1514. We also provide justification for aiming future space-borne VLBI missions toward direct imaging of SMBHBs as a synergistic contribution into future multi-messenger studies involving prospective GW facilities.