Charge quantisation, monopoles and emergent symmetry in the Standard Model and its embeddings

TL;DR

This paper explores the global structure of the Standard Model gauge group, its embeddings, and charge quantisation, revealing connections to emergent symmetries and proposing new models to address existing gaps.

Contribution

It introduces indexes to classify gauge group choices, links compositeness to emergent symmetries, and presents a new model to fill a specific gap in charge quantisation.

Findings

Connected gauge group properties to 1-form symmetries.

Proposed a new model addressing the p=1 gap.

Analyzed magnetic spectrum and UV-IR relations.

Abstract

This work studies the connection of the global properties of the SM gauge group to 1-form discrete symmetries, the possible non-Abelian embeddings of the SM group, and electric and magnetic charge quantisation. Building on previous work, we introduce indexes to characterise the group choices, connect the concept of compositeness degree to emergent electric 1-form symmetry, introduce a new model to fill in the $p=1$ gap, and analyse the magnetic spectrum while connecting its UV and IR realisations.