Scalable Satellite Swarm Deployment via Distance-based Orbital Transition Under $J_2$ Perturbation

TL;DR

This paper introduces a decentralized, fuel-free guidance and control strategy for deploying satellite swarms into stable, coplanar formations in $J_2$-perturbed orbits, ensuring long-term stability and scalability.

Contribution

It develops a novel distance-based orbital stabilizer and deployment controller that operate autonomously without thrusters, addressing control loss risks during formation deployment.

Findings

Successful autonomous deployment into coplanar formations

Long-term stability achieved with fuel-free actuation methods

Robustness against communication outages demonstrated

Abstract

This paper presents an autonomous guidance and control strategy for a satellite swarm that enables scalable distributed space structures for innovative science and business opportunities. The averaged $J_2$ orbital parameters that describe the drift and periodic orbital motion were derived along with their target values to achieve a distributed space structure in a decentralized manner. This enabled the design of a distance-based orbital stabilizer to ensure autonomous deployment into a monolithic formation of a coplanar equidistant configuration on a user-defined orbital plane. Continuous formation control was assumed to be achieved through fuel-free actuation, such as satellite magnetic field interaction and differential aerodynamic forces, thereby maintaining long-term formation stability without thruster usage. A major challenge for such actuation systems is the potential loss of control capability due to increasing inter-satellite distances resulting from unstable orbital dynamics, particularly for autonomous satellite swarms. To mitigate this risk, our decentralized deployment controller minimized drift distance during unexpected communication outages. As a case study, we consider the deployment of palm-sized satellites into a coplanar equidistant formation in a $J_2$-perturbed orbit. Moreover, centralized grouping strategies are presented.