Exploring the Quiescent Black Hole Population of Nearby Dwarf Galaxies with the Habitable World Observatory

TL;DR

This paper proposes using the Habitable Worlds Observatory to detect and study quiescent massive black holes in nearby dwarf galaxies, aiming to understand black hole seed formation and galaxy evolution.

Contribution

It introduces a novel observational program with HWO to dynamically detect low-mass black holes in dwarf galaxies, extending black hole-host galaxy scaling relations into the low-mass regime.

Findings

Potential to detect black holes as small as 10^{4.5} solar masses.

Will test seed formation scenarios like Population III remnants and direct collapse.

Provides insights into black hole and galaxy co-evolution.

Abstract

The formation and growth of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) remain a significant unsolved problem in astrophysics, particularly in the low-mass regime, where observations are sparse. The Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO), with its diffraction-limited imaging and high-resolution UV-optical spectroscopy, presents a unique opportunity to explore the demographics of massive black holes (MBHs) in nearby dwarf galaxies. We propose a program to dynamically detect quiescent MBHs with masses as low as $10^{4.5} \, \rm M_\odot$ in galaxies within $10-30$ Mpc, by resolving stellar velocity dispersions down to 30 $\rm km \, s^{-1}$. This effort will dramatically extend current black hole-host galaxy scaling relations into the dwarf regime, probing the fundamental connection between black hole seeds and their environments. Using a volume-limited sample of $\sim 100$ dwarf galaxies drawn from existing catalogs, HWO will resolve the gravitational sphere of influence of MBHs and enable precision measurements of stellar kinematics via Ca II triplet absorption lines. These observations will test predictions from competing seed formation scenarios -- light seeds from Population III remnants versus heavy seeds from direct collapse -- and clarify whether dwarf galaxies retain imprints of their initial black hole population. The results will offer critical insight into SMBH formation channel and the co-evolution of black holes and galaxies across cosmic time.