BCS states and D-wave condensates in the 2D Hubbard model

TL;DR

This paper explores BCS-like states in the 2D Hubbard model, revealing regions with d-wave condensates and indicating possible d_{xy} condensation, highlighting complex local minima in the energy landscape.

Contribution

It introduces a BCS-based relaxation approach to identify local minima associated with d-wave condensates in the 2D Hubbard model, revealing new phases.

Findings

Existence of d_{x^2-y^2} condensates in the underdoped region.

Indications of d_{xy} condensation in the overdoped region.

Multiple nearly degenerate local minima in the energy landscape.

Abstract

We consider states of BCS form in the 2D Hubbard model which, starting from some arbitrary point in state space in the neighborhood of a Hartree-Fock ground state, are relaxed within that BCS ansatz to local minima of the energy. As in the Hartree-Fock approximation there are a vast number of local minima, nearly degenerate in energy. What is new, and unlike the conventional Hartree-Fock states, is that there is a region in parameter space where these local minima are clearly associated with d-wave condensates of the form $d_{x^2-y^2}$ in the underdoped region. There are, however, indications of $d_{xy}$ condensation in the overdoped region, at least in this approximation to the 2D Hubbard model.