Cosmic Axions Revealed via Amplified Modulation of Ellipticity of Laser (CARAMEL)

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel optical detection method for axion dark matter using electro-optic crystals and resonant microwave cavities, enhancing sensitivity through rf power injection and cryogenic operation, enabling compact high-frequency searches.

Contribution

It extends variance-based axion detection techniques to the optical domain with an amplified modulation approach, avoiding complex interferometers and broadening the search parameter space.

Findings

Demonstrates enhanced sensitivity via rf signal interference

Proposes a scalable, cryogenic-compatible detection system

Enables high-frequency axion searches in the 0.5-50 GHz range

Abstract

We propose a new axion dark matter detection strategy that employs optical readout of laser-beam ellipticity modulations caused by axion-induced electric fields in a microwave cavity, using electro-optic (EO) crystals, enhanced by externally injected radio-frequency (rf) power. Building upon the variance-based probing method~\cite{Omarov_2023}, we extend this concept to the optical domain: a weak probe laser interacts with an EO crystal coupled to the resonant microwave cavity field at cryogenic temperatures, and the axion-induced electric field is revealed through induced ellipticity. The injected rf signal coherently interferes with that of the axion field, amplifying the optical response and significantly improving sensitivity. While our EO-based method employs a Fabry-P\'erot resonator, we do not require Michelson interferometers. Our method hence enables compact, high-frequency axion searches across the $0.5$--$50\,\mathrm{GHz}$ range. Operating at cryogenic temperatures not only suppresses thermal backgrounds but, critically, allows the probing method to mitigate quantum noise. This approach offers a scalable path forward for axion detection over the $\sim(\text{few}--200)\,\mu\mathrm{eV}$ mass range -- covering the preferred parameter space for post-inflationary Peccei--Quinn axion dark matter -- using compact, tunable systems. \noindent Published in \textit{Phys. Rev. D} \textbf{113}, 032012 (2026).\\ DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.113.032012. This version includes further experimental details.