How Do Ionizing Photons Escape from Star-Forming Galaxies?

TL;DR

Understanding how ionizing photons escape star-forming galaxies is crucial for studying cosmic reionization, but current observational limitations hinder progress; a specialized UV IFU spectrograph could provide key insights.

Contribution

This paper proposes the development of a UV integral field unit spectrograph to resolve multiscale processes governing ionizing photon escape in galaxies.

Findings

Highlights the importance of multiscale observations for LyC escape

Identifies the need for high-resolution UV spectroscopy

Suggests the Habitable Worlds Observatory as a solution

Abstract

The Epoch of Reionization marks the last major phase transition in the early Universe, during which the majority of neutral hydrogen once filling the intergalactic medium was ionized by the first galaxies. The James Webb Space Telescope is now identifying promising galaxy candidates capable of producing sufficient ionizing photons to drive this transformation. However, the fraction of these photons that escape into intergalactic space--the escape fraction--remains highly uncertain. Stellar feedback is thought to play a critical role in carving low-density channels that allow ionizing radiation to escape, but the dominant mechanisms, their operation, and their connection to observable signatures are not well understood. Local analogs of high-redshift galaxies offer a powerful alternative for studying these processes, since ionizing radiation is unobservable at high redshift due to intergalactic absorption. However, current UV space-based instrumentation lacks the spatial resolution and sensitivity required to fully address this problem. The core challenge lies in the multiscale nature of LyC escape: ionizing photons are generated on scales of 1-100 pc in super star clusters but must traverse the circumgalactic medium which can extend beyond 100 kpc. A UV integral field unit (IFU) spectrograph capable of resolving galaxies across these scales is necessary--and uniquely achievable with the proposed Habitable Worlds Observatory. In this article, we outline the scientific motivation, observables, and observational capabilities needed to make progress on these fundamental questions.