Measuring How LLMs Internalize Human Psychological Concepts: A preliminary analysis

TL;DR

This study introduces a quantitative framework to evaluate how well large language models internalize human psychological concepts, revealing that models like GPT-4 can approximate these constructs with measurable accuracy.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel method using psychological questionnaires and similarity analysis to assess concept alignment between LLMs and human psychological dimensions.

Findings

GPT-4 achieves 66.2% classification accuracy on psychological constructs.

GPT-4's semantic similarity correlates with human response correlations.

Modern LLMs can approximate human psychological constructs with measurable accuracy.

Abstract

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have shown remarkable abilities in producing human-like text. However, it is unclear how accurately these models internalize concepts that shape human thought and behavior. Here, we developed a quantitative framework to assess concept alignment between LLMs and human psychological dimensions using 43 standardized psychological questionnaires, selected for their established validity in measuring distinct psychological constructs. Our method evaluates how accurately language models reconstruct and classify questionnaire items through pairwise similarity analysis. We compared resulting cluster structures with the original categorical labels using hierarchical clustering. A GPT-4 model achieved superior classification accuracy (66.2\%), significantly outperforming GPT-3.5 (55.9\%) and BERT (48.1\%), all exceeding random baseline performance (31.9\%). We also demonstrated that the estimated semantic similarity from GPT-4 is associated with Pearson's correlation coefficients of human responses in multiple psychological questionnaires. This framework provides a novel approach to evaluate the alignment of the human-LLM concept and identify potential representational biases. Our findings demonstrate that modern LLMs can approximate human psychological constructs with measurable accuracy, offering insights for developing more interpretable AI systems.