Evaluating the Robustness of Dense Retrievers in Interdisciplinary Domains

TL;DR

This study shows that the perceived benefits of domain adaptation in retrieval models vary significantly depending on the evaluation benchmark's characteristics, affecting deployment decisions in specialized interdisciplinary domains.

Contribution

It demonstrates how benchmark features influence perceived domain adaptation benefits and highlights the importance of choosing appropriate evaluation methods for interdisciplinary retrieval tasks.

Findings

Different benchmarks yield vastly different perceived improvements from domain adaptation.

Higher semantic overlap in benchmarks correlates with larger observed benefits.

Benchmark selection critically impacts assessments of retrieval system effectiveness.

Abstract

Evaluation benchmark characteristics may distort the true benefits of domain adaptation in retrieval models. This creates misleading assessments that influence deployment decisions in specialized domains. We show that two benchmarks with drastically different features such as topic diversity, boundary overlap, and semantic complexity can influence the perceived benefits of fine-tuning. Using environmental regulatory document retrieval as a case study, we fine-tune ColBERTv2 model on Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) from federal agencies. We evaluate these models across two benchmarks with different semantic structures. Our findings reveal that identical domain adaptation approaches show very different perceived benefits depending on evaluation methodology. On one benchmark, with clearly separated topic boundaries, domain adaptation shows small improvements (maximum 0.61% NDCG gain). However, on the other benchmark with overlapping semantic structures, the same models demonstrate large improvements (up to 2.22% NDCG gain), a 3.6-fold difference in the performance benefit. We compare these benchmarks through topic diversity metrics, finding that the higher-performing benchmark shows 11% higher average cosine distances between contexts and 23% lower silhouette scores, directly contributing to the observed performance difference. These results demonstrate that benchmark selection strongly determines assessments of retrieval system effectiveness in specialized domains. Evaluation frameworks with well-separated topics regularly underestimate domain adaptation benefits, while those with overlapping semantic boundaries reveal improvements that better reflect real-world regulatory document complexity. Our findings have important implications for developing and deploying AI systems for interdisciplinary domains that integrate multiple topics.