A Framework for Quantum Advantage

TL;DR

This paper proposes a clear, operational definition of quantum advantage, identifies promising algorithms for early achievement, and envisions quantum computers significantly advancing various scientific fields.

Contribution

It introduces a platform-agnostic, empirically verifiable framework for quantum advantage and discusses its implications for near-term quantum computing applications.

Findings

Operational definition of quantum advantage established

Identification of algorithmic families likely to achieve early advantage

Vision for quantum computers enhancing high-performance computing

Abstract

As quantum computing approaches the threshold where certain tasks demonstrably outpace their classical machines, the need for a precise, clear, consensus-driven definition of quantum advantage becomes essential. Rapid progress in the field has blurred this term across companies, architectures, and application domains. Here, we aim to articulate an operational definition for quantum advantage that is both platform-agnostic and empirically verifiable. Building on this framework, we highlight the algorithmic families most likely to achieve early advantage. Finally, we outline our vision for the near future, in which quantum computers enhance existing high-performance computing platforms, enabling new frontiers in chemistry, materials discovery, optimization, and beyond.