Bloch Vector Assertions for Debugging Quantum Programs

TL;DR

This paper introduces Bloq, a scalable, automated debugging approach for quantum programs using Bloch-vector assertions, significantly improving fault localization accuracy and efficiency without requiring mid-circuit measurements.

Contribution

The paper presents Bloq and AutoBloq, novel methods for automated, scalable fault localization in quantum programs using expectation value measurements, overcoming limitations of existing approaches.

Findings

Bloq outperforms Proq in F1 score, especially as circuit depth and noise increase.

Bloq reduces runtime by a factor of 5 and circuit depth overhead by a factor of 23.

Experimental results on QFT and Grover algorithms demonstrate Bloq's effectiveness and scalability.

Abstract

Quantum programs must be reliable to ensure trustworthy results, yet debugging them is notoriously challenging due to quantum-specific faults like gate misimplementations and hardware noise, as well as their inherently probabilistic nature. Assertion-based debugging provides a promising solution by enabling localized correctness checks during execution. However, current approaches face challenges including manual assertion generation, reliance on mid-circuit-measurements, and poor scalability. In this paper, we present Bloq, a scalable, automated fault localization approach introducing Bloch-vector-based assertions utilizing expectation value measurements of Pauli operators, enabling low-overhead fault localization without mid-circuit measurements. In addition, we introduce AutoBloq, a component of Bloq for automatically generating assertion schemes from quantum algorithms. An experimental evaluation over 684432 programs using two algorithms (Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT) and Grover) shows that Bloq consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art approach Proq, notably as circuit depth and noise increase. For Grover, Bloq achieves a mean F1 score across all experimental instances of 0.74 versus 0.38 for Proq under ideal conditions, and maintains performance under noise (0.43 versus 0.06). Bloq also reduces Proq's runtime by a factor of 5 and circuit depth overhead by a factor of 23. These results underline Bloq's potential to make assertion-based debugging scalable and effective for near-term quantum devices.