Thin active nematohydrodynamic layers: asymptotic theories and instabilities

TL;DR

This paper develops asymptotic models for active nematic layers, revealing how activity, shape, and curvature interplay to induce instabilities and nematic order in flat and curved geometries, extending beyond traditional 2D studies.

Contribution

It introduces low-dimensional continuum models capturing coupled dynamics of active nematic films with shape and thickness variations, and analyzes activity-driven instabilities in flat and curved geometries.

Findings

Shape and thickness variations alter classical nematic instabilities.

Both extensile and contractile activities can induce nematic order in isotropic phases.

Thickness and shape instabilities are coupled in curved geometries, driven by activity.

Abstract

Starting from a three-dimensional description of an active nematic layer, we employ an asymptotic theory to derive a series of low-dimensional continuum models that capture the coupled dynamics of flat and curved films, including variations in film thickness, shape deformations, internal velocity fields, and the dynamics of orientational order. Using this asymptotic theory, we investigate instabilities driven by activity in both the nematic and isotropic phases for cylindrical and flat films. In the flat case, we demonstrate that incorporating shape and thickness variations fundamentally alters the bend and splay nature of instabilities compared to conventional two dimensional nematic instabilities. In the isotropic phase, we find that both extensile and contractile activity can induce nematic order, in contrast with active nematics on fixed surfaces, where only extensile activity leads to ordering. For the case of curved geometries such as a cylindrical film, we reveal that thickness and shape instabilities are inherently coupled. In the isotropic phase, the emergence of nematic order triggers both thickness and shape instabilities. In the nematic phase, contractile activity induces thickness instabilities, which in turn drive geometric deformations. Our results highlight the crucial interplay between activity, thickness variations, and curvature, providing new insights into the behavior of active nematic films beyond the conventional two dimensional paradigm that has been studied to date.