Spectral statistics, non-equilibrium dynamics and thermalization in random matrices with global $\mathbb{Z}_2$-symmetry

TL;DR

This paper investigates how $ ext{Z}_2$ symmetry influences thermalization and spectral properties in random matrix models, revealing conditions for symmetry breaking and confirming eigenstate thermalization in symmetric systems.

Contribution

It introduces a random symmetric centrosymmetric matrix model to analyze $ ext{Z}_2$ symmetry effects on quantum thermalization and spectral correlations, providing analytical results and insights.

Findings

Certain low-energy states do not decay, indicating long-lived symmetry-breaking states.

Equilibrium values of observables respect or violate symmetry depending on initial states.

Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis remains valid despite global symmetry constraints.

Abstract

$\mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry is ubiquitous in quantum mechanics where it drives various phase transitions and emergent physics. The role of $\mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry in the thermalization of a local observable in a disordered system can be understood using random matrix theory. To do so, we consider random symmetric centrosymmetric (SC) matrix as a toy model where a $\mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry, namely, the exchange symmetry is conserved. Such a conservation law splits the Hilbert space into decoupled subspaces such that the energy spectrum of a SC matrix is a superposition of two pure spectra. After discussing the known results on the correlations of such mixed spectrum, we consider different initial states and analytically compute the time evolution of their survival probability and associated timescales. We show that there exist certain low-energy initial states which do not decay over a very long timescales such that a measure zero fraction of random SC matrices exhibit spontaneous symmetry breaking. Later, we look at the equilibrium values of local observables like the density-density correlation, kinetic energy operator and compare them against the average values from the microcanonical and canonical ensembles. We find that when the observable violates (respects) the global symmetry of the Hamiltonian, the equilibrium value is independent (dependent) of the symmetry of the initial state. However, irrespective of such symmetry constraints, the fluctuations of the diagonal terms of the observables within microcanonical shells decay with system size such that the ansatz of eigenstate thermalization hypothesis remains valid. We show that the equilibrium value converges to the canonical average for all the observables and initial states, indicating that thermalization occurs despite the presence of a global symmetry.