Controlling energy delivery with bistable nanostructures

TL;DR

This paper introduces a physical mechanism for controlled energy transfer between synthetic nanostructures, enabling energy delivery similar to biological systems without biochemical interactions, verified through molecular dynamics simulations.

Contribution

It presents a novel, purely physical approach for energy delivery in nanostructures, using a differentiable state-based model to facilitate targeted energy transfer without biochemical components.

Findings

Effective energy transfer demonstrated in simulations

Robustness of the mechanism against structural variations

Potential for powering synthetic nanomachines

Abstract

Countless biological processes are fueled by energy-rich molecules like ATP and GTP that supply energy with extreme efficiency. However, designing similar energy-delivery schemes from the bottom up, essential for the development of powered nanostructures and other {\it de novo} machinery, presents a significant challenge: how can an energy-rich structure be stable in solution yet still deliver this energy at precisely the right time? In this paper, we present a purely physical mechanism that solves this challenge, facilitating energy transfer akin to ATP hydrolysis, yet occurring between synthetic nanostructures without any biochemical interactions. This targeted energy delivery is achieved by exploiting a differentiable state-based model to balance the energy profiles that govern the structural transitions in the two nanostructures, creating a combined relaxation pathway with minimal barriers that facilitates energy delivery. We verify the effectiveness and robustness of this mechanism through Molecular Dynamics simulations, demonstrating that a bath of the high-energy structures can systematically and repeatedly drive the target structure out of equilibrium, enabling it to perform tasks. As the mechanism operates only through explicit physical forces without any biochemistry or internal state variables, our results present generic and far-reaching design principles, setting the stage for the next generation of synthetic nanomachines.